Mas Pardi Jadul

Mao Zheng-jun

Lecturer, School of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054 P.R. China;

a. Key Laboratory of Highway Construction and Maintenance Technology in Loess Region, b. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Highway Construction & Maintenance Technology in Loess Region, Shanxi Transportation Research Institute, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
e-mail: zhengjun_mao@163.com
Wei Rong-yu

 Master Student, School of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054 P.R. China 

e-mail: 1396992751@qq.com

WU Tian-jun

 Engineer, a. Key Laboratory of Highway Construction and Maintenance Technology in  Loess Region, b. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Highway Construction & Maintenance  Technology in Loess Region, Shanxi Transportation Research Institute, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
e-mail: 3099628146@qq.com

      Based on the ample study of waterproof and system of composite lining, a brand new sort waterproof and system for road tunnel has been projected and its construction technology has been introduced to resolve the waterproof and evacuation materials and construction technology issues, that follows the conception that the encircling rock waterproof and system and therefore the tunnel internal system don't have an effect on one another. The system includes close rock waterproof and system and tunnel internal system, and its advantage isn't solely with the waterproof and evacuation plate of prevention-discharging integration, however additionally the encircling rock internal system isn't any longer crosses the tunnel secondary lining from tunnel arch feet.





      With the speedy development of economy in China, the survey and style, construction and operation management of road tunnel has been improved [1, 2]. Groundwater disaster drawback is one amongst the tunnel disasters that common and troublesome to cure totally [3, 4, 5, 6]. The development such as dripping water and seeper caused by escape water result in tunnel instrumentation corrosion throughout tunnel operation processes, leading to the matter that the operational surroundings of tunnel is disturbed [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].

      Reasonable tunnel waterproof and system should be used on the bar and management of tunnel water disaster [14]. the event of tunnel waterproof and system will be divided into 3 stages [15]. With the any improvement of the need of the tunnel waterproof and evacuation, the system is bit by bit formed within the third stage when the nineteenth century. the mixing style conception of tunnel longitudinal waterproof and system is created eventually, at constant time the tunnel waterproof and system become hid engineering utterly [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Consequently, the failure of waterproof and system isn't simple to be ascertained and measurement directly when completion of the tunnel and underground engineering [15].

      At present, the composite lining waterproof and system is wide employed in the road tunnel in China. However, there square measure the subsequent issues in waterproof material and construction technology: initial, the high rigid and low versatile waterproof plate and evacuation pipe used result in waterproof plate and evacuation pipe cannot attach with rock surface closely and therefore the blind evacuation groove of circumferential direction is obstructed [20]. Second, as a result of the evacuation pipe floating on the rock is absolutely coated by shotcrete, the development quality of blind drain groove behind tunnel lining is troublesome to be warranted. The last, it perpetually happen water flow disaster within the components that close rock internal evacuation from arch feet through the tunnel secondary lining and amusive. a brand new sort waterproof and evacuation integrated system for road tunnel is projected, that has blessings as follows: straightforward structure, novel style, low construction problem, sensible performance of waterproof and evacuation and robust usefulness, at constant time its construction technique is delineate thoroughly.






      Based on the ample study of waterproof and system of composite lining, this paper propose a brand new sort waterproof and system for road tunnel, and its overall structure is shown in figure 1.


1—internal evacuation and water structure pipe; 2—left evacuation pipe;3—water structure pipe base; 4—left water structure groove; 5—surrounding rock; 6—sidewalk; 7—secondary lining; 8— waterproof and evacuation layer; 9—primary support; 10—surrounding rock evacuation and water structure pipe.

      The tunnel waterproof and system includes waterproof and system of close rock and tunnel internal. {the close|the encompassing|the encircling} rock waterproof and system includes waterproof and evacuation layer between tunnel primary support and secondary lining and surrounding rock evacuation and water structure pipe on the tunnel at all-time low of the center place of tunnel primary support. The waterproof and evacuation layer is formed from multiple waterproof and evacuation plates that connect with one another. the encircling rock evacuation and water structure pipe consists of concrete formed pipe that is ready on all-time low of waterproof and evacuation layer with cross section for U sort cowl|and canopy} plate that is ready on the highest of the waterproof and evacuation layer and wont to cover the highest open position of the concrete formed pipe. And waterproof and evacuation layer is disconnect at the highest of the concrete formed pipe. The tunnel internal system includes left and right water structure seeper at either side of pavement, evacuation structure pipe on the tunnel at all-time low of the center place of tunnel within pavement, and a number of other left and right evacuation pipes buried beneath road and wont to connect left water structure seeper with tunnel internal evacuation and water structure pipe. The structure pipe base is organized at the highest of the center place of tunnel secondary lining on tunnel, whereas tunnel internal evacuation and water structure pipe is ready on the structure pipe base.



      The close rock waterproof and system includes waterproof and evacuation layer between tunnel primary support and secondary lining and surrounding rock evacuation structure pipe. The waterproof and evacuation layer is formed from multiple waterproof and evacuation plates that connect with one another.

(1) the planning of waterproof and evacuation plate

      The structures of waterproof and evacuation plate embody waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics, also because the initial and second protecting layer that assault either side of waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics shown in figure two and three. The buffer layer is ready on one aspect of the primary layer and shut to the tunnel primary support, and therefore the second protecting layer is near tunnel secondary lining. On the surface of waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics contact with the primary protecting layer, multiple vertical and horizontal evacuation grooves square measure set discontinuously. These vertical and horizontal evacuation groove intercross to create multiple evacuation grids. The left and right sideline of vertical evacuation groove between the adjacent 2 horizontal evacuation seeper square measure each line, and therefore the up-sideline of horizontal evacuation groove between the adjacent 2 vertical evacuation seeper is line. The down-sideline of horizontal evacuation groove between the adjacent 2 vertical evacuation seeper consists of the primary and second oblique line, of that the primary oblique line tilt to the lower left, and therefore the second oblique line tilt to the lower right. The shapes of multiple evacuation grids square measure each pentagon, at constant time, {the style|the planning|the look} will make sure that there exist additional dynamic displacement than common design.

      Waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics is formed of PVC board, of that multiple vertical and horizontal evacuation grooves square measure assault the surface. the peak distinction is clear from prime to bottom in vertical direction, and water are able to do self-draining by gravity. At constant time water will be guide by dynamic  close rock water flow direction, and natural flow direction is structured to orderly such as flow direction. the planning will effectively solve the issues that square measure as follows: water pressure behind lining between evacuation grooves, and groundwater discharge behind lining when evacuation grooves block domestically. The buffer layer is formed from earth artificial material that weight is larger than 280g per area unit, its impact is to adapt to massive deformation of close rock, thus on effectively avoid cracks between primary support and waterproof and evacuation plate. the primary protecting layer is formed from semipermeable non-woven material, whereas the second layer is formed from water-repellent non-woven material. the primary and second protecting layers square measure each wont to shield the protection and responsibleness of waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics, not solely will any shield metaphysics from varied harm of sharp objects, prolonging the service life, however additionally improve quality and exploitation safety of the entire waterproof and evacuation plate. moreover, the primary protecting layer at constant time can also filter sediment.

(2) The rule of close rock waterproof and system
When oozing occur in tunnel close rock, water can permeate through tunnel primary support to waterproof and evacuation layer as a result of water pressure. Then the waterlogging will be pleased and picked up to close rock structure pipes by the multiple vertical and horizontal evacuation grooves of waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics, and discharged out of the tunnel at the tip.



      The tunnel internal system is shown in figure one, includes: left and right structure grooves either side of tunnel internal pavement, tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes, multiple left evacuation pipes that is employed to attach left structure grooves and tunnel internal structure pipes, and multiple right evacuation pipes that is employed to attach right water structure grooves and tunnel internal structure pipes.

      The rule of tunnel internal evacuation system: on the left aspect of the tunnel, when waterlogging of tunnel internal paseo and pavement is collected in left structure grooves, the water from left structure grooves through left evacuation pipes drain into tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes, then drain out of the tunnel, also because the right aspect of the tunnel.






      The new sort waterproof and system for road tunnel involves 2 single waterproof and system, of that construction technology do in accordance with 2 construction styles. per the wants of structure, the development of close rock waterproof and system ought to be conducted initially, then construction of tunnel internal system, and therefore the overall arrangements and therefore the tunnel construction should be coordinated.

(1) close rock waterproof and system construction

      Surrounding rock waterproof and system construction embody 3 steps: concrete formed pipe construction, waterproof and evacuation layer construction, and canopy plate construction.

1) Concrete formed pipe construction

• Throughout the development method of tunnel primary support, formed evacuation groove that is employed to put in concrete formed pipe is reserved at all-time low of the center place, and therefore the formed evacuation grooves ought to be set on the tunnel per 3‰~5‰ slope tilt;
• High strength nylon hoisting belt is employed to hoist multiple concrete formed pipes into the central evacuation groove severally. This hoisting technique will avoid injuring formed concrete pipes;
• The axis position and elevation of multiple concrete formed pipes square measure see to it severally. when the development of multiple concrete formed pipes square measure completed, 2 teams of 4 wedge concrete cushion blocks ought to be placed on either side of concrete formed pipe to stop rolling tube;
• Multiple concrete formed pipes square measure butted and sealed on interfaces by high strength cement asphalt mortar. as a result of formed evacuation grooves square measure set in accordance with three ‰ ~ five ‰ slope tilt on tunnel, the entire multiple concrete formed pipes butted has 3‰ ~ 5‰ evacuation slope, which might notice self-drainage.

2) Waterproof and evacuation layer construction

• Sharp objects like anchor head, exposed steel bar head and accidented region on the surface of tunnel primary support square measure fastened and shotcrete once more to create tunnel primary support surface smooth;
• Multiple tying up waterproof and evacuation plates square measure ordered on the surface of tunnel primary support from tunnel arch to the wall on either side, and waterproof and evacuation plates square measure disconnected within the location of the highest of concrete formed pipes to create waterproof and evacuation layer.

      During the development method of waterproof and evacuation layer, multiple waterproof and evacuation plates square measure full-length welded with butt weld seam, and twenty cm breadth of waterproof and evacuation plates is full welded within the either side of butt weld seam. the development method is as follows: a. improvement up the joint between 2 waterproof and evacuation plates that required butt; b. The hand fastening torch is employed to weld 2 waterproof and evacuation plates, and stop-water strips square measure adopted to prevent water; c. The air pump is employed to notice stop-water impact of the joint of 2 waterproof and evacuation plates, the precise method square measure as follows: A 5-needle is fastened at one finish of air pump with measuring system, creating each ends of the joint of 2 waterproof and evacuation plates protection, and projecting the 5-needle tip into the joint of 2 items of waterproof and evacuation plates, inflate and compress up to 0.15MPa～0.2MPa, then stop inflating. once pressure maintains quite two min perpetually, the effect of water stop is judged qualified, and so stops detective work. Otherwise, unfold foam on the joint of 2 waterproof and evacuation plates, check the effervescent place and confirm that to be the escape place, exploitation stop-water strip to prevent water within the escape place, then notice once more till water qualified.

      Waterproof and evacuation layer consists of the many tying up waterproof and evacuation plates, the scale is decided by the scale of standard waterproof and evacuation plate, that is 2.4×1.2 m. The waterproof and evacuation plates square measure transported from works to construction website when processed by works ( together with the development of buffer layer, protecting layer, waterproof and evacuation plate ontology: initial of all, manufacturing waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics per style document, then place protecting layer on either side of waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics by high, finally paste buffer layer on the aspect that protecting layer near close rock), and placed within the such as location of tunnel, then build speedy installation in situ by the while not nail birthing technique.

3) covering construction

• Shut down construction garbage of multiple concrete formed pipes;
• Many canopy plates square measure assault the highest of the waterproof and evacuation layer to hide the open position of the concrete formed pipes, and therefore the joint of multiple cowl plates ought to be reinforced;
• Shut down the surface of canopy plates, and pave waterproof mortar on the surface of canopy plates.

(2) Tunnel internal system construction

      The tunnel internal system construction includes 3 steps: tunnel internal evacuation pipes construction, left and right evacuation pipes construction, left and right water structure grooves construction.

1) Tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipe construction

• The concrete whose thickness is ten ~ fifteen cm is paved  at the highest of the center place of tunnel secondary lining. It’s convenient to conduct the concrete integrate with tunnel secondary lining. The vibrator is employed to create concrete dense to create the water structure pipe base, on that there arc evacuation groove wont to install tunnel internal evacuation and water structure pipes, that square measure set on the tunnel per three ‰ ~ five ‰ slope tilt;
• High strength nylon hoisting belt is employed to hoist multiple tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes into arc evacuation grooves severally. This hoisting technique will avoid injuring tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes;
• The axis position and elevation of multiple tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes square measure see to it respectively;
• Multiple tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes square measure butted and sealed on interfaces by high strength cement asphalt mortar. as a result of arc evacuation grooves square measure set in accordance with 3‰ ~ 5‰ slope tilt on tunnel, the entire multiple tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes butted has 3‰ ~5‰ evacuation slope, which might notice self-drainage.

2) Left and right evacuation pipes construction

• Several connecting holes square measure punched within multiple tying up evacuation pipes, that is employed to attach multiple left and right evacuation pipes. The interval between 2 adjacent left evacuation connecting holes and 2 adjacent right evacuation connecting holes square measure set per the vary of 3~15 m;
• One finish of the left evacuation pipe is inserted into the left evacuation pipe connecting hole, and therefore the different finish extends to the left structure groove inbuilt the left aspect of tunnel internal pavement. thus is that the right evacuation pipes construction.

3)    Left and right water structure grooves construction

• Throughout the development of tunnel internal pavement, left structure grooves square measure assault the left aspect of tunnel internal pavement, and multiple left evacuation pipes port square measure exposed on the surface of left structure grooves. Similarly, right structure grooves square measure assault the correct aspect of tunnel internal pavement at constant time, and multiple right evacuation pipes port square measure exposed on the surface of right structure grooves;
• The sediment filter screen is fastened on the port of multiple left evacuation pipes that exposed on the surface of left structure grooves, thus is that the right aspect.

1. The angle between the primary oblique line of waterproof and evacuation plate and horizontal is adequate to the angle between the second oblique line and horizontal, and square measure within the vary of 0°~ 10°;
2. The thickness of waterproof and evacuation plate metaphysics shall be within the vary of 10~15 metric linear unit, the thickness of initial and second protecting layers square measure each within the vary of 2~5 metric linear unit, and therefore the thickness of the buffer layer is within the vary of 8~10mm. the gap between the adjacent 2 cross evacuation grooves is double as that of the adjacent 2 vertical evacuation grooves;
3. After fastening multiple waterproof and evacuation plates, strict examination ought to be conducted. within the case of unqualified fastening, repair fastening shall be dole out, that is that the key to insure the entire tunnel waterproofing impact. Moreover, the slotted size of waterproofing and evacuation plate is per the design;
4. The desilting examination well will be set per 200~250 m in accordance with the "detailed rules for the planning of road tunnel" (JTGT D70-2010), to envision all-time low structure pipes;
5. When the development of waterproof and system, water check operation should be conducted to evaluat the impact of waterproof and system.

      Based on the ample study of waterproof and system of composite lining, a brand new sort waterproof and system for road tunnel has been projected and its construction technology has been introduced to resolve the waterproof and evacuation materials and construction technology issues during this paper, that follows the conception that the encircling rock waterproof and system and therefore the tunnel internal system don't have an effect on one another.

      The system mentioned includes close rock waterproof and system and tunnel internal system. {the close|the encompassing|the encircling} rock waterproof and system includes waterproof and evacuation layer between tunnel primary support and secondary lining and surrounding rock evacuation structure pipe. The waterproof and evacuation layer is formed from multiple waterproof and evacuation plates that connect with one another. whereas the tunnel internal system includes: left and right structure grooves either side of tunnel internal pavement, tunnel internal evacuation and structure pipes, multiple left evacuation pipes that is employed to attach left structure grooves and tunnel internal structure pipes, and multiple right evacuation pipes that is employed to attach right water structure grooves and tunnel internal structure pipes.

      This system has the advantage that the waterproof and evacuation plate of prevention-discharging integration is adopted. Moreover, the encircling rock internal system isn't any longer crosses the tunnel secondary lining from tunnel arch feet.




      This project was supported by National scientific discipline Foundation of China ( No. 51378071 ) and Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of road Construction and Maintenance Technology in dirt Region ( No. KLTLR-Y13-19 ).

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